Monopsony in the U.S. Labor Market

Authors

Chen Yeh, Federal Reserve Bank of RichmondFollow
Claudia Macaluso, Federal Reserve Bank of RichmondFollow
Brad J. Hershbein, W.E Upjohn Institute for Employment ResearchFollow

Upjohn Author ORCID Identifier

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-8164

Publication Date

3-4-2022

Series

Upjohn Institute working paper ; 22-364

**Published Version**

In American Economic Review 112(7): 2099-2138

DOI

10.17848/wp22-364

Abstract

This paper quantifies the extent to which the U.S. manufacturing labor market is characterized by employer market power and how such market power has changed over time. We find that the vast majority of U.S. manufacturing plants operate in a monopsonistic environment and, at least since the early 2000s, the labor market in U.S. manufacturing has become more monopsonistic. To reach this conclusion, we exploit rich administrative data for U.S. manufacturers and estimate plant-level markdowns—the ratio between a plant’s marginal revenue product of labor and its wage. In a competitive labor market, markdowns would be equal to unity. Instead, we find substantial deviations from perfect competition, as markdowns average 1.53. This result implies that a worker employed at the average manufacturing plant earns 65 cents on each dollar generated on the margin. To investigate long-term trends in employer market power, we propose a novel measure for the aggregate markdown that is consistent with aggregate wedges and also incorporates the local nature of labor markets. We find that the aggregate markdown decreased between the late 1970s and the early 2000s, but has been sharply increasing since.

Issue Date

March 2022

Note

Upjohn project #44000

Subject Areas

LABOR MARKET ISSUES; Wages, health insurance and other benefits